王弼 - 獅子山學會行政總監, 信報 ( 理財投資 P.27, 2009.1.21)
昨天應邀出席電台節目討論香港經濟前景,席間談到當香港人引以為傲的豐銀行也被狙擊至50元水平時,反映經濟情況實在嚴峻云云;突然主持人發言,說獅子山學會作為自由市場智庫,通常是比較樂觀的一群,有沒有正面的訊息可以帶給聽眾。我對他的發問初時有點愕然,但隨後即慶幸社會上還是有人認同我們的形象,就是把希望帶進人群,這樣總比人冠為憤青或怨婦好吧!
香港底子厚
是的,到這一刻作為香港人還是值得驕傲的。綜觀世界大多發達國家都疲於奔命救市,而且差不多已到彈盡糧絕的地步,較小的經濟體系莫不引頸以待IMF出手相救;但香港,無論是民間或政府,都有相對充足的儲備,這不能不歸功於我們的傳統智慧──就是審慎理財、積榖防饑。而既然我們有本錢,當然就是等待這非常時期應用。減稅以紓緩中產人士的負擔當然是治本良藥;對於失業人士,因預期失業率會繼續上升(重回沙士的歷史高峰亦不足為奇),政府如果要創造就業,職位也應是臨時性質,待遇也不應高於市場,以待經濟轉好,工人可隨時回歸私人就業市場。
放棄執行甚至廢除一些規管條例,如2003年開始容許的士在單黃線上落客等,和類似的拆牆鬆綁措施,都不需政府花費分文而又有利民生。
其實,香港底子雄厚,雖然這金融海嘯叫全人類都無一倖免要過艱難日子,但我們有信心,香港只要保持固有的傳統理財智慧,我們將會是首個在這風暴中站起來的地區。
美銀行業無藥可救
反觀一向迷信消費力量、花錢如流水的美國,不由你不信它的銀行業已到了無可救藥的地步。曾傲視全球的過氣最大銀行花旗集團,才於去年11月得到美國財政部、聯邦存款保險公司(FDIC)和聯儲局聯手協助其清理3060億美元的「頭痕」資產(Troubled Assets)。所謂協助清理,其實就是華府為花旗這些資產可能帶來的虧損包了底。又因花旗資本不足,財政部先後注資了450億美元。言猶在耳,正當各人把注意力放在如何挽救美國汽車業,以為金融界經過一輪猛藥急救後情況應穩定下來的時候,花旗於上周又告危殆,先前誓神劈願不用賤賣資產自救,如今又打倒昨日的我,賣掉掌上明珠Smith Barney。
一個花旗還不夠,幾個月前還充當救世主買下Countrywide和美林的美國銀行(Bank of America)又伸手要華府注資200億美元和為其1180億美元的頭痕資產包底。美國財金界各精英如何自信譽有目共睹!可是在地球另一面的香港,當大摩奏起其魔笛預言控會跌至52元時,各財經節目便都以此為題大做文章,指出大摩預言百發百中云云。
其實,這些大行的所謂投資專家,連自己銀行的命運也猜不到,他們的預知能力有多強可想而知。他們屢次預測控股價成功,只不過自己也是難兄難弟,深明傾巢之下無完卵這道理而已,投資者實在不必太在意他們的話。
市民才是英雄
這是一個充滿專家的世代,但原來這些專家也跟我們沒什麼兩樣,說起道理來頭頭是道、誇誇其談,一場金融海嘯,撕破了他們的面具。其實,豈止投資專家的話不可信呢?我們政治家不用說了,就說奧巴馬,競選時大聲疾呼要change,但只要看他委任的班子,充斥前朝克林頓年代的舊人,這是哪門子的變革?
很多美國人期待奧巴馬英雄時代的來臨,期待他推出的天文數字的救市方案會把他們帶出困境,但我們預言,如果他不帶領美國人面對現實,還幻想欠下一屁股債可以增加私人消費、增加政府開支、聯儲局在直升機擲錢解決的話,美國經濟只會愈見「頭痕」。
最後,在奧巴馬宣誓就職美國總統的前夕,讓我們回到二十八年前同樣深受經濟困境的美國(失業率8%,通脹12%),我們節錄了當時總統列根的演詞,他說:「有人說我們處於沒有英雄的世代……他們只是把眼光放錯了。你可以看見英雄每天進出工廠的閘門,又有另外一批在生產足夠的糧食供給我們和世界各地。他們就是眾市民和家庭,他們的稅金支持了政府,他們自願的奉獻支持了教會、慈善團體、文化、藝術和教育。他們愛國,但卻是默默而有深度。他們的價值觀保持了我們國民的生活。」就是抱這樣的價值觀,列根與美國人一起走出經濟困境,重回繁榮道路。
是的,別再被什麼英雄、專家和政客壟斷我們的腦袋了,你不比他們差,靠自己的智慧和能力,必可以走出難關的。
Wednesday, January 21, 2009
Monday, January 19, 2009
Powers that be fail to learn on education issue
Andrew Shuen - research director, The Lion Rock Institute, (The Standard, P.16 - View Point)
And you want us to have children?
As a 31-year-old male born and raised in Hong Kong, I am at a stage in life and mind where one could say I am seeking to ``settle down.'' Be a family man. Embrace the future with a vote in confidence by securing a partner, who shares my desire to have children.
This yearning, I am sure, is shared by many in my demographic. Yet, great apprehension overrides and hesitation grips. No doubt, there will be some who blame such apprehension on the fickleness of our generation. We grew up in relative prosperity and never seem to want the challenges of great responsibilities, especially one as great as raising a family. As a member of the aforementioned generation, I'm the first to admit that it is indeed because of fickleness that we remain apprehensive.
If the root cause was only as simple as fickleness by nature, I have no grounds for anger. But the fickleness unfortunately stems from forces not in our hands.
All parents when holding their child, though, always dream of greatness, hope at the very least their children will become productive members of society. Hope they would able to take care of themselves and not burden others.
Knowing this, individuals of our generation, especially when courtship begins, are nevertheless without hope.
This is due to a perpetual cloud hanging at the back of our mind, that education, especially the individual-child- ignoring, tortuous education system we have, is not a system which we want to subject any children, let alone our own.
We know that unless there are sufficient economic resources to guarantee a choice for our children to escape wholesale the entire universal education system, we will choose not to have children. Yet, we are a generation who experienced throughout our working life, one financial crisis after another. And from this experience, we know we cannot guarantee such economic resources for choice over the decades-long span of a child's education.
On Thursday, the Legislative Council's panel of education heard the wider community's response to the so-called fine tuning of mother-tongue education.
We have seen the results of government experimenting on our children, and we don't like it. This time, it's a change that took a decade to correct the poor decision made earlier by the government, but what other whim and crude actions will our children be subjected to next? We at the Lion Rock Institute have only these demands.
First, free the supply. Return the decision of how each and every child will be educated to the frontline educators. All Hong Kong schools' freedom in operations, hiring and firing should be raised to the level of international schools so that parents who cannot foresee decade-long economic stability can still be confident of bringing life to this world.
Then free the demand. The funding of education should solely be based upon the choice of parents. If a school and a child becomes a pair, let not artificial geographic boundaries, government social engineering, teacher union-vested interest or so-called education-expert opinions get in the way.
Taking these actions will end the anger not only caused by the lack of hope but also by the hypocrisy of education in Hong Kong. How can the politicians and bureaucrats that decide our children's fate say with a straight face that what they designed is the ``best'' when they speak with their actions by sending their children to international schools or abroad, therefore unwilling to subject their own offspring to the monstrosity of their own creation?
Please, all we want is to have children, with confidence.
And you want us to have children?
As a 31-year-old male born and raised in Hong Kong, I am at a stage in life and mind where one could say I am seeking to ``settle down.'' Be a family man. Embrace the future with a vote in confidence by securing a partner, who shares my desire to have children.
This yearning, I am sure, is shared by many in my demographic. Yet, great apprehension overrides and hesitation grips. No doubt, there will be some who blame such apprehension on the fickleness of our generation. We grew up in relative prosperity and never seem to want the challenges of great responsibilities, especially one as great as raising a family. As a member of the aforementioned generation, I'm the first to admit that it is indeed because of fickleness that we remain apprehensive.
If the root cause was only as simple as fickleness by nature, I have no grounds for anger. But the fickleness unfortunately stems from forces not in our hands.
All parents when holding their child, though, always dream of greatness, hope at the very least their children will become productive members of society. Hope they would able to take care of themselves and not burden others.
Knowing this, individuals of our generation, especially when courtship begins, are nevertheless without hope.
This is due to a perpetual cloud hanging at the back of our mind, that education, especially the individual-child- ignoring, tortuous education system we have, is not a system which we want to subject any children, let alone our own.
We know that unless there are sufficient economic resources to guarantee a choice for our children to escape wholesale the entire universal education system, we will choose not to have children. Yet, we are a generation who experienced throughout our working life, one financial crisis after another. And from this experience, we know we cannot guarantee such economic resources for choice over the decades-long span of a child's education.
On Thursday, the Legislative Council's panel of education heard the wider community's response to the so-called fine tuning of mother-tongue education.
We have seen the results of government experimenting on our children, and we don't like it. This time, it's a change that took a decade to correct the poor decision made earlier by the government, but what other whim and crude actions will our children be subjected to next? We at the Lion Rock Institute have only these demands.
First, free the supply. Return the decision of how each and every child will be educated to the frontline educators. All Hong Kong schools' freedom in operations, hiring and firing should be raised to the level of international schools so that parents who cannot foresee decade-long economic stability can still be confident of bringing life to this world.
Then free the demand. The funding of education should solely be based upon the choice of parents. If a school and a child becomes a pair, let not artificial geographic boundaries, government social engineering, teacher union-vested interest or so-called education-expert opinions get in the way.
Taking these actions will end the anger not only caused by the lack of hope but also by the hypocrisy of education in Hong Kong. How can the politicians and bureaucrats that decide our children's fate say with a straight face that what they designed is the ``best'' when they speak with their actions by sending their children to international schools or abroad, therefore unwilling to subject their own offspring to the monstrosity of their own creation?
Please, all we want is to have children, with confidence.
Wednesday, January 14, 2009
以學券創新天 各施各法救學子
何民傑 - 獅子山學會政策研究員, 信報 ( 理財投資 P.33 , 2009.1.14 )
星期天看港台的《城市論壇》,一班學者校長東拉西扯「標籤效應」、「中中英中」、「彈性微調」,講了一句鐘,恍如當今香港教育困局的寫照,教育制度中的主角:莘莘學子,在討論中失了蹤。
當教育工作者和教育官僚糾纏於教學語言管多少、怎樣管、如何改、改多少,其實反映更重要的問題核心,香港教育制度被官僚緊緊管制,再有能力志向的教育人才,都無從發揮,唯有引入學券制度,才能解救如在水深火熱中的香港學子。
學生真正需要
記得在我讀英文中學的初中日子,年少無知不懂英語的重要,最後落入成績最差的班級。每當上英文課,老師如何努力都只有幾位同學聽課,其他科目硬要採用英文課本,同學索性連課本也不帶,帶了也不揭開,荒唐日子就是這樣流過。
什麼中中英中,標籤不標籤,對學生來說根本毫不重要,學生需要的是靈活多變的教學方式,學生需要的是因才施教的課程課節,學生需要的是才德兼具的教學團隊,今日的微調方案是不是大手術,我並沒有興趣討論,但肯定的是,這陣子引發的討論觸不到癢處,幫不了學生。
為什麼國際學校的課程就可以自由訂定,是因為高官議員的子弟都在那裏讀書的原故嗎?何以資助學校的所有運作都要由上而下,皆由脫離教育現場的官僚去倒模規範?一班多少學生才最有教學效益,官僚知道嗎?為什麼不可以資優學生在大班,資弱學生在小班?何以要一刀切全港課室都要用同一規矩?外國名牌大學的英文系教授可以教中學嗎?可以,不過請從最低薪級點計算人工,還要先讀所謂的專業課程。這是為學生揀選最好老師的制度嗎?這是讓最有能力、最有誠意的教育者服務學生的制度嗎?
由家長學生選教學語言
歸根究柢,學校的教學語言不應該由官僚去管,官僚也不懂得管,只有將選擇權歸還給家長和學生,辦學者自然在競爭下不斷進步,滿足公眾的期望,替學生打造貼身的教學方式。
起源於美國學券制,是解救當前困局的唯一出路。
早在1779年,著名學者阿當.史密斯(Adam Smith)就提出,家長是決定孩子接受怎麼樣教育的最佳人選,在1869年的佛蒙特州(Vermont)和1873年的緬因州(Maine),已經推行過有學券形式的「鎮付學費」(town tuitioning)計劃。而諾貝爾經濟學獎得主佛利民(Milton Friedman)在1955年發表的〈政府在教育中的作用〉一文,開啟了現代學券近幾十年的探索和發展。
引入競爭是關鍵
學券制的基本理念在於,維持政府對教育津貼的同時,亦可以引入競爭機制,從而提升教育的質素,讓學生接受到最佳的教育服務。而在形式上,政府向家長發出學券,學券金額等於政府每年津貼個別學生的金額。家長則自由地選擇合符指定要求的學校,不論政府或私立都可以。最後家長用學券繳付學費,學校收到學券後,憑券向政府索回現金。
在整個學券制運作中,政府的角色減至最小,如同管理餐廳的發牌,只要符合基本的安全和條件就可以辦學,辦不辦得成功,就由公眾的選擇去汰弱留強,最佳的餐廳讓食客大飽口福,最佳的學校就讓學生學得最多!
不應由官僚去管
學券制早就證明對提升學生學習有莫大幫助,哈佛大學彼得斯(Peterson)和格林(Greene)兩位教授在1996年,對美國密爾沃基市的MPCP學券計劃進行分析,得出結論是,這個執行了五年的學券計劃,讓參加的學生在閱讀成績上提高了3至5個百分點,在數學成績上更提高了5至12個百分點。
這個實證的結論,不單引起當時五十多個傳媒的廣泛報道,更讓全球各國領袖關注引入學券,讓學生得到最佳的教育,巴西、智利、中國、台灣都推行過不同形式的學券計劃。當少管教育是全球趨勢,而香港卻仍然停留於官僚要管多少的問題。
世上根本沒有教育理想國,只有各施各法的教育戰場,與其繼續大鑊飯式教育飯盒,不如以學券讓學生享用千變萬化的教育自助大餐。
星期天看港台的《城市論壇》,一班學者校長東拉西扯「標籤效應」、「中中英中」、「彈性微調」,講了一句鐘,恍如當今香港教育困局的寫照,教育制度中的主角:莘莘學子,在討論中失了蹤。
當教育工作者和教育官僚糾纏於教學語言管多少、怎樣管、如何改、改多少,其實反映更重要的問題核心,香港教育制度被官僚緊緊管制,再有能力志向的教育人才,都無從發揮,唯有引入學券制度,才能解救如在水深火熱中的香港學子。
學生真正需要
記得在我讀英文中學的初中日子,年少無知不懂英語的重要,最後落入成績最差的班級。每當上英文課,老師如何努力都只有幾位同學聽課,其他科目硬要採用英文課本,同學索性連課本也不帶,帶了也不揭開,荒唐日子就是這樣流過。
什麼中中英中,標籤不標籤,對學生來說根本毫不重要,學生需要的是靈活多變的教學方式,學生需要的是因才施教的課程課節,學生需要的是才德兼具的教學團隊,今日的微調方案是不是大手術,我並沒有興趣討論,但肯定的是,這陣子引發的討論觸不到癢處,幫不了學生。
為什麼國際學校的課程就可以自由訂定,是因為高官議員的子弟都在那裏讀書的原故嗎?何以資助學校的所有運作都要由上而下,皆由脫離教育現場的官僚去倒模規範?一班多少學生才最有教學效益,官僚知道嗎?為什麼不可以資優學生在大班,資弱學生在小班?何以要一刀切全港課室都要用同一規矩?外國名牌大學的英文系教授可以教中學嗎?可以,不過請從最低薪級點計算人工,還要先讀所謂的專業課程。這是為學生揀選最好老師的制度嗎?這是讓最有能力、最有誠意的教育者服務學生的制度嗎?
由家長學生選教學語言
歸根究柢,學校的教學語言不應該由官僚去管,官僚也不懂得管,只有將選擇權歸還給家長和學生,辦學者自然在競爭下不斷進步,滿足公眾的期望,替學生打造貼身的教學方式。
起源於美國學券制,是解救當前困局的唯一出路。
早在1779年,著名學者阿當.史密斯(Adam Smith)就提出,家長是決定孩子接受怎麼樣教育的最佳人選,在1869年的佛蒙特州(Vermont)和1873年的緬因州(Maine),已經推行過有學券形式的「鎮付學費」(town tuitioning)計劃。而諾貝爾經濟學獎得主佛利民(Milton Friedman)在1955年發表的〈政府在教育中的作用〉一文,開啟了現代學券近幾十年的探索和發展。
引入競爭是關鍵
學券制的基本理念在於,維持政府對教育津貼的同時,亦可以引入競爭機制,從而提升教育的質素,讓學生接受到最佳的教育服務。而在形式上,政府向家長發出學券,學券金額等於政府每年津貼個別學生的金額。家長則自由地選擇合符指定要求的學校,不論政府或私立都可以。最後家長用學券繳付學費,學校收到學券後,憑券向政府索回現金。
在整個學券制運作中,政府的角色減至最小,如同管理餐廳的發牌,只要符合基本的安全和條件就可以辦學,辦不辦得成功,就由公眾的選擇去汰弱留強,最佳的餐廳讓食客大飽口福,最佳的學校就讓學生學得最多!
不應由官僚去管
學券制早就證明對提升學生學習有莫大幫助,哈佛大學彼得斯(Peterson)和格林(Greene)兩位教授在1996年,對美國密爾沃基市的MPCP學券計劃進行分析,得出結論是,這個執行了五年的學券計劃,讓參加的學生在閱讀成績上提高了3至5個百分點,在數學成績上更提高了5至12個百分點。
這個實證的結論,不單引起當時五十多個傳媒的廣泛報道,更讓全球各國領袖關注引入學券,讓學生得到最佳的教育,巴西、智利、中國、台灣都推行過不同形式的學券計劃。當少管教育是全球趨勢,而香港卻仍然停留於官僚要管多少的問題。
世上根本沒有教育理想國,只有各施各法的教育戰場,與其繼續大鑊飯式教育飯盒,不如以學券讓學生享用千變萬化的教育自助大餐。
Monday, January 5, 2009
論港交所董事禁止買賣期風波
李兆富 - 獅子山學會創辦人 , 信報 (經濟企管 p.27, 2009.1.5)
港交所延長董事禁止買賣期一事,本來只屬市場規管的技術性問題;奈何香港獨特的環境,讓感性的政治考慮主導了討論。
事實上,自金融海嘯發生後,民眾對財金界的反感,支持延長董事禁止買賣期的一方,就算不用提出任何理由,已經可以獲得社會普遍支持。港交所官僚聯同前港交所董事David Webb以及一眾進步派政客(Progressives)如公民黨,將延長董事禁止買賣期定性為保障散戶之義舉,其提倡之平權主張在情感上亦佔領了輿論和道德的制高點。
反之,另一邊廂的大財閥以及其功能組別代議仕人明目張膽地聯署向特區政府施壓,其理據雖有值得參詳之處,但其財大氣粗之勢,卻諷刺地成就了港交所以及一眾政客的英雄形象。而且,代表大財閥貿的功能組別代議仕提出之「外資犯港論」以及「董事禁止買賣期最長七個月」之說,更是難以服眾,令形勢更為一面倒。
現在港交所上市委員會決定將禁止買賣期新政落實日期推遲至四月,對特區政府的管治來說,可謂眾多可能性中最差的局面。一方面,要是特區政府出手干預港交所之決定,在普遍市民眼中,則無疑於向財閥叩頭,甚至被外界解讀成特區政府粗暴干預市場運作。可是,若特區政府在未來二個多月中不聞不問,相信香港和北京之間的流言蜚語,只會令已經勢弱的曾蔭權團隊構成無比重壓。在進退維谷之間,幾乎可以斷言,今次事件的輸家必然是特區政府的行政主導班子。
獅子山學會作為獨立智庫,無意偏向政治力量中的任何一方;畢竟在我們眼中,港交所提出的規管改變,純粹是技術上的問題。然而,作為香港市場的一份子,我們卻有義務提出客觀的理論,以及宏觀分析香港財經市場的局勢,供不同立場的各方作議論參考。
原則上,交易的環境要平等,投資者無論大小權益要得到有效保障,資訊的披露要清晰公開等,都是毋用置疑的大前提,手段的成效才是爭議重點。
延長董事禁止買賣期,原意為平抑上市公司董事的資訊優勢。可是,在實際的市場運作上,禁止買賣期的長短,並沒有提升對廣大投資者的實際知情權。當然,良好的主觀願望會希望,延長董事禁止買賣期將構成誘因,促使上市公司盡量縮短賬目截交日和業績公布日的時間,間接提高資訊流動性,可是在現時為此下定論則屬言之過早。
在銅板的另一面,禁止買賣期的延長對市場資訊的負面影響。毫無疑問,有能力獲取到企業運作數據的管理人員及董事,在估量企業價值時,有一定的優勢,在外的投資者,往往只能透過觀察此等內幕人士的取態,作出「次一級的判斷」;但在資訊極度流通的現代金融市場,所謂「次一級的判斷」,也可能只是數小時,甚至是數分鐘的差異。禁止買賣期的延長,抑制知情人士的股份買賣,也變相削弱了企業外投資者,獲取資訊的質量。相反,企業的內幕知情人士,在禁止買賣期間,仍然可以透過衍生工具進行交易,最終利益影響不大,反而由於交易途徑變得更迂迴,有關的訊息更不易被外間的投資者解讀。
任何企業在日常運作中,基本上是不斷恆常地進行數據的收集和分析。上市公司的財務審計公布,雖然是每年進行兩次,但真正的企業會計工作是每分每刻都在進行當中,企業的管理人員及董事,在任何時候都必然掌握外間沒有的資訊;沒有一家企業的管理人和董事,可以靠年終的財務報告,在瞬息萬變的商業世界來指揮公司運作。所以,港交所煞有介事延長禁止買賣期,難免讓人覺得令有所圖,又或者只是粉飾門面的虛招一度。
再者,無論是掌握了企業內部運作訊息的管理人員及董事,抑或在企業外的投資者,在估量企業股價時,都同時面對著一定的未知之數,所以說內幕人士有絕對的資訊優勢,也許言過其實。在日常財經市場的運作中,除了正式公布的會計數據以外,市場參與者最重要的資訊來源,實為股價的變動,而影響股價的因素,除了企業本身的內在因素,除了企業本身的內在因素,外在宏觀環境因素及對前景的預測,才是價格波動及不穩定性的最主要源由;對宏觀數據的分析,基本上是每個人都站在大致平等的立足點,所謂的資訊不對稱差異,並非政客所想般嚴重。
其實,只要有市場,就必然有其運作成本,也就是制度經濟學派所指的交易成本(Transaction Cost),例如資訊成本、合約成本等。理想主義者卻總希望透過人為手段,完完全全地消弭交易成本的存在,建立絕對完美的烏托邦。人類文明的進程中,各種制度自然自發的出現,例如合約法制度、貨幣等,也的確有效地將制度成本降低,釋放生產力,也帶動文明的躍進。然而,我們更要明白,這些基本的制度的出現,並非一時三刻的政令改變能夠造就得來。更多的時候,人為的主觀願望,在執行時因為種種原因帶來的偏差,最終甚至可能構成完全在意想之外的反效果,也就是海耶克教授提出的Unintended Consequences。
事實上,並沒有證據可以肯定延長董事禁止買賣期能減低資訊成本,反之,卻有理由相信這項新政策帶來的市場扭曲會令企業外的投資者更難掌握內幕知情人士對企業的取態。
站在宏觀的角度看,糾纏於技術安排的骨節眼上,是只見樹木不見森林。今次延長董事禁止買賣期事件,反映了一件不爭的事實︰在當下的金融監管框架下,被受政策保護獨市壟斷的港交所,只會引來尋租者(Rent Seekers),以及因為要平息尋租行為而帶來的政治爭端。此時此刻,最值得反思的重大問題是︰金融業在可見的將來仍然是香港的經濟支柱,由獨市壟斷的港交所來主宰一切,風險又會否太大呢?我們應否將香港的經濟命脈,交託在政治爭端之中呢?
爭權逐利尋租者政治樂園
毫無疑問,所有人都是希望制度更趨完善,競爭更公平,市場更活躍,問題是如何尋找出方向。開放市場,讓股票市場也有競爭,究竟有何不可?或許會有人以從前四會年代的混亂來反對競爭的藉口。可是觀乎今天的華資藍籌上市公司,要是沒有當年四會的活躍競爭,又何來機會和英資洋行一較高下?再者,延長董事禁止買賣期一事,又何嘗不是鬧劇一場?特區政府或許在監管框架的設計上有一定的責任,可是卻沒有理由將這個責任延伸至確保港交所的獨市壟斷。
回到文章最開頭的一點︰要是今天香港有多個平衡競爭的交易所,根本不會出現有交易所因為改變董事禁止買賣期的規限而衍生出來威脅管治的政治風波。說到底,香港人希望見到的是一個穩健而活躍的金融市場,而不是一個爭權逐利的尋租者政治樂園。
港交所延長董事禁止買賣期一事,本來只屬市場規管的技術性問題;奈何香港獨特的環境,讓感性的政治考慮主導了討論。
事實上,自金融海嘯發生後,民眾對財金界的反感,支持延長董事禁止買賣期的一方,就算不用提出任何理由,已經可以獲得社會普遍支持。港交所官僚聯同前港交所董事David Webb以及一眾進步派政客(Progressives)如公民黨,將延長董事禁止買賣期定性為保障散戶之義舉,其提倡之平權主張在情感上亦佔領了輿論和道德的制高點。
反之,另一邊廂的大財閥以及其功能組別代議仕人明目張膽地聯署向特區政府施壓,其理據雖有值得參詳之處,但其財大氣粗之勢,卻諷刺地成就了港交所以及一眾政客的英雄形象。而且,代表大財閥貿的功能組別代議仕提出之「外資犯港論」以及「董事禁止買賣期最長七個月」之說,更是難以服眾,令形勢更為一面倒。
現在港交所上市委員會決定將禁止買賣期新政落實日期推遲至四月,對特區政府的管治來說,可謂眾多可能性中最差的局面。一方面,要是特區政府出手干預港交所之決定,在普遍市民眼中,則無疑於向財閥叩頭,甚至被外界解讀成特區政府粗暴干預市場運作。可是,若特區政府在未來二個多月中不聞不問,相信香港和北京之間的流言蜚語,只會令已經勢弱的曾蔭權團隊構成無比重壓。在進退維谷之間,幾乎可以斷言,今次事件的輸家必然是特區政府的行政主導班子。
獅子山學會作為獨立智庫,無意偏向政治力量中的任何一方;畢竟在我們眼中,港交所提出的規管改變,純粹是技術上的問題。然而,作為香港市場的一份子,我們卻有義務提出客觀的理論,以及宏觀分析香港財經市場的局勢,供不同立場的各方作議論參考。
原則上,交易的環境要平等,投資者無論大小權益要得到有效保障,資訊的披露要清晰公開等,都是毋用置疑的大前提,手段的成效才是爭議重點。
延長董事禁止買賣期,原意為平抑上市公司董事的資訊優勢。可是,在實際的市場運作上,禁止買賣期的長短,並沒有提升對廣大投資者的實際知情權。當然,良好的主觀願望會希望,延長董事禁止買賣期將構成誘因,促使上市公司盡量縮短賬目截交日和業績公布日的時間,間接提高資訊流動性,可是在現時為此下定論則屬言之過早。
在銅板的另一面,禁止買賣期的延長對市場資訊的負面影響。毫無疑問,有能力獲取到企業運作數據的管理人員及董事,在估量企業價值時,有一定的優勢,在外的投資者,往往只能透過觀察此等內幕人士的取態,作出「次一級的判斷」;但在資訊極度流通的現代金融市場,所謂「次一級的判斷」,也可能只是數小時,甚至是數分鐘的差異。禁止買賣期的延長,抑制知情人士的股份買賣,也變相削弱了企業外投資者,獲取資訊的質量。相反,企業的內幕知情人士,在禁止買賣期間,仍然可以透過衍生工具進行交易,最終利益影響不大,反而由於交易途徑變得更迂迴,有關的訊息更不易被外間的投資者解讀。
任何企業在日常運作中,基本上是不斷恆常地進行數據的收集和分析。上市公司的財務審計公布,雖然是每年進行兩次,但真正的企業會計工作是每分每刻都在進行當中,企業的管理人員及董事,在任何時候都必然掌握外間沒有的資訊;沒有一家企業的管理人和董事,可以靠年終的財務報告,在瞬息萬變的商業世界來指揮公司運作。所以,港交所煞有介事延長禁止買賣期,難免讓人覺得令有所圖,又或者只是粉飾門面的虛招一度。
再者,無論是掌握了企業內部運作訊息的管理人員及董事,抑或在企業外的投資者,在估量企業股價時,都同時面對著一定的未知之數,所以說內幕人士有絕對的資訊優勢,也許言過其實。在日常財經市場的運作中,除了正式公布的會計數據以外,市場參與者最重要的資訊來源,實為股價的變動,而影響股價的因素,除了企業本身的內在因素,除了企業本身的內在因素,外在宏觀環境因素及對前景的預測,才是價格波動及不穩定性的最主要源由;對宏觀數據的分析,基本上是每個人都站在大致平等的立足點,所謂的資訊不對稱差異,並非政客所想般嚴重。
其實,只要有市場,就必然有其運作成本,也就是制度經濟學派所指的交易成本(Transaction Cost),例如資訊成本、合約成本等。理想主義者卻總希望透過人為手段,完完全全地消弭交易成本的存在,建立絕對完美的烏托邦。人類文明的進程中,各種制度自然自發的出現,例如合約法制度、貨幣等,也的確有效地將制度成本降低,釋放生產力,也帶動文明的躍進。然而,我們更要明白,這些基本的制度的出現,並非一時三刻的政令改變能夠造就得來。更多的時候,人為的主觀願望,在執行時因為種種原因帶來的偏差,最終甚至可能構成完全在意想之外的反效果,也就是海耶克教授提出的Unintended Consequences。
事實上,並沒有證據可以肯定延長董事禁止買賣期能減低資訊成本,反之,卻有理由相信這項新政策帶來的市場扭曲會令企業外的投資者更難掌握內幕知情人士對企業的取態。
站在宏觀的角度看,糾纏於技術安排的骨節眼上,是只見樹木不見森林。今次延長董事禁止買賣期事件,反映了一件不爭的事實︰在當下的金融監管框架下,被受政策保護獨市壟斷的港交所,只會引來尋租者(Rent Seekers),以及因為要平息尋租行為而帶來的政治爭端。此時此刻,最值得反思的重大問題是︰金融業在可見的將來仍然是香港的經濟支柱,由獨市壟斷的港交所來主宰一切,風險又會否太大呢?我們應否將香港的經濟命脈,交託在政治爭端之中呢?
爭權逐利尋租者政治樂園
毫無疑問,所有人都是希望制度更趨完善,競爭更公平,市場更活躍,問題是如何尋找出方向。開放市場,讓股票市場也有競爭,究竟有何不可?或許會有人以從前四會年代的混亂來反對競爭的藉口。可是觀乎今天的華資藍籌上市公司,要是沒有當年四會的活躍競爭,又何來機會和英資洋行一較高下?再者,延長董事禁止買賣期一事,又何嘗不是鬧劇一場?特區政府或許在監管框架的設計上有一定的責任,可是卻沒有理由將這個責任延伸至確保港交所的獨市壟斷。
回到文章最開頭的一點︰要是今天香港有多個平衡競爭的交易所,根本不會出現有交易所因為改變董事禁止買賣期的規限而衍生出來威脅管治的政治風波。說到底,香港人希望見到的是一個穩健而活躍的金融市場,而不是一個爭權逐利的尋租者政治樂園。
Friday, January 2, 2009
Weak link between shop rents and prices
Wong Kin-ming is an associate scholar at The Lion Rock Institute , SCMP(Insight~A9, Other Voice 2009.1.2)
Hong Kong's retail sector has been hard hit by the economic slowdown. Property agents anticipate rents will continue to fall, and some individual landlords have acted quickly, slashing charges by more than 20 per cent.
Meanwhile, The Link Reit bucked the market trend by raising rents in its markets and malls, drawing criticism from politicians. Although the Legislative Council voted down the motion on a government buy-back of The Link's units, calls to use public money to re-nationalise The Link are unlikely to subside.
Politicians believe such rent rises will hurt tenants' interests and, more importantly, lead to increases in the price of goods, adversely affecting people's livelihood.
The notion that tenants will transfer the cost of a rent increase to the customers sounds reasonable. But let's not overlook what the recent Director of Audit's report said about the management of public markets. It said that, for various reasons including filling long-term vacancies, some rents of public wet market stalls are now only 1 per cent to 5 per cent of the going rate. Thus, there could be a huge difference in rent between stalls selling similar goods in the same market.
However, there is no big price difference for the same goods in those markets. If price is determined by the rent level, why don't stallholders enjoying concessions sell their goods cheaper?
Such a phenomenon has been explained by David Ricardo (1772-1823) in his Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, when he said: Corn is not high because a rent is paid, but a rent is paid because corn is high.
Apply that to The Link or public markets and it means that the price of goods determines rent, instead of the reverse. Rents are determined by demand for those properties, and is an income derived from them. Charging rent below market rates will not affect the price of goods.
The Director of Audit's report also talks about the provision of recreation and sports services, in particular the three-month free-admission scheme to leisure facilities launched by the government to support the Beijing Olympics. The report pointed out that bookings increased significantly under the scheme, but 40 per cent of the booked sessions were not used.
Did the scheme benefit users? People who successfully made a booking did benefit, as they had nothing to lose by not showing up. But those willing to pay to use the facilities, who were unable to book due to increased demand, lost out.
The logic that low rents benefit shop tenants is the same principle. Only certain tenants will benefit from low rents created by political pressure, such as those who enjoy priority in lease renewal; are familiar with the complicated application procedures; have special connections; or are simply lucky enough to secure a tenancy.
Do not be mistaken, I am not defending The Link's decision to raise rents in a faltering economy. We should just think hard about whether it would be right to use public money to buy back or subsidise malls and markets.
Hong Kong's retail sector has been hard hit by the economic slowdown. Property agents anticipate rents will continue to fall, and some individual landlords have acted quickly, slashing charges by more than 20 per cent.
Meanwhile, The Link Reit bucked the market trend by raising rents in its markets and malls, drawing criticism from politicians. Although the Legislative Council voted down the motion on a government buy-back of The Link's units, calls to use public money to re-nationalise The Link are unlikely to subside.
Politicians believe such rent rises will hurt tenants' interests and, more importantly, lead to increases in the price of goods, adversely affecting people's livelihood.
The notion that tenants will transfer the cost of a rent increase to the customers sounds reasonable. But let's not overlook what the recent Director of Audit's report said about the management of public markets. It said that, for various reasons including filling long-term vacancies, some rents of public wet market stalls are now only 1 per cent to 5 per cent of the going rate. Thus, there could be a huge difference in rent between stalls selling similar goods in the same market.
However, there is no big price difference for the same goods in those markets. If price is determined by the rent level, why don't stallholders enjoying concessions sell their goods cheaper?
Such a phenomenon has been explained by David Ricardo (1772-1823) in his Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, when he said: Corn is not high because a rent is paid, but a rent is paid because corn is high.
Apply that to The Link or public markets and it means that the price of goods determines rent, instead of the reverse. Rents are determined by demand for those properties, and is an income derived from them. Charging rent below market rates will not affect the price of goods.
The Director of Audit's report also talks about the provision of recreation and sports services, in particular the three-month free-admission scheme to leisure facilities launched by the government to support the Beijing Olympics. The report pointed out that bookings increased significantly under the scheme, but 40 per cent of the booked sessions were not used.
Did the scheme benefit users? People who successfully made a booking did benefit, as they had nothing to lose by not showing up. But those willing to pay to use the facilities, who were unable to book due to increased demand, lost out.
The logic that low rents benefit shop tenants is the same principle. Only certain tenants will benefit from low rents created by political pressure, such as those who enjoy priority in lease renewal; are familiar with the complicated application procedures; have special connections; or are simply lucky enough to secure a tenancy.
Do not be mistaken, I am not defending The Link's decision to raise rents in a faltering economy. We should just think hard about whether it would be right to use public money to buy back or subsidise malls and markets.
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